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Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oral cancer, accounting for the majority of malignant tumors arising in the oral cavity. It develops from the squamous epithelial cells lining the mouth and commonly affects the tongue, floor of the mouth, buccal mucosa, gums, and lips. OSCC is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition, particularly when diagnosed at an advanced stage.

Tobacco use in any form, including smoking and smokeless tobacco, is the leading risk factor for OSCC. Excessive alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, poor oral hygiene, chronic irritation, and nutritional deficiencies further increase susceptibility. Individuals with long-standing oral potentially malignant disorders such as leukoplakia, erythroplakia, and oral submucous fibrosis carry a higher risk of malignant transformation.

Early signs of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma may include non-healing ulcers, persistent pain, difficulty in chewing or swallowing, unexplained bleeding, numbness, and red or white patches in the mouth. As the disease progresses, patients may experience restricted mouth opening, facial swelling, and weight loss. Management of OSCC typically involves a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, depending on the stage and extent of the disease. Early detection through routine oral examinations significantly improves treatment outcomes and survival rates.