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 Ovarian cancer is a malignant tumour that starts in the ovaries, the female reproductive glands responsible for producing eggs and hormones. It is often diagnosed at an advanced stage because early disease causes vague or no symptoms and can be mistaken for common digestive or pelvic problems. Key risk factors include increasing age, family history of ovarian or breast cancer, inherited BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations, endometriosis, and never having been pregnant. Common warning signs are persistent abdominal bloating, pelvic or abdominal pain, feeling full quickly, loss of appetite, urinary urgency or frequency, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue.

Ovarian cancer usually spreads within the pelvis and abdomen first, and is staged from I to IV based on how far it has extended to nearby organs, lymph nodes, or distant sites such as the liver or lungs. Diagnosis relies on pelvic examination, ultrasound or CT scans, tumour markers like CA-125, and confirmation with surgery and biopsy. Treatment typically combines surgery to remove visible disease with chemotherapy, and in some cases targeted therapies or maintenance drugs to reduce recurrence and prolong survival.?