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Cervical cancer starts in the cervix, the part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It starts with unusual alterations in the cells of the cervix, which are generally caused by an ongoing infection with high-risk strains of human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted virus. Early cervical cancer typically exhibits minimal symptoms, underscoring the necessity of regular screening via Pap smears and HPV testing for prompt identification. As cervical cancer gets worse, symptoms may include bleeding from the vagina that isn't typical, such as bleeding after sex, between periods, or after menopause; odd vaginal discharge that can be watery, bloody, or foul-smelling; pelvic pain; and pain during sex.

The two primary kinds of cervical cancer are squamous cell carcinoma, which comes from the thin, flat cells on the surface of the cervix, and adenocarcinoma, which comes from glandular cells that line the cervical canal.

Getting the HPV vaccine, practising safe sex, and getting regular cervical screenings are all ways to avoid getting HPV. Awareness and regular health check-ups are essential because early diagnosis greatly improves outcomes and survival rates.