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Endometrial hyperplasia refers to the abnormal thickening of the endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus, caused by an imbalance between estrogen and progesterone. When estrogen levels remain high without sufficient progesterone to regulate cell growth, the endometrial tissue proliferates excessively. This condition is most common in women approaching menopause but can also affect younger women with hormonal irregularities, obesity, or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

The main symptom of endometrial hyperplasia is abnormal uterine bleeding, such as heavy, prolonged, or irregular menstrual periods. Some women may also experience spotting between cycles or postmenopausal bleeding. Diagnosis typically involves pelvic ultrasound and endometrial biopsy to evaluate tissue changes and rule out cancerous growths.

There are two main types — simple or complex, with or without atypia (abnormal cells). The presence of atypia increases the risk of developing endometrial cancer. Treatment depends on severity and may include hormonal therapy using progesterone or, in advanced cases, surgical removal of the uterus (hysterectomy). Early diagnosis and regular gynecological check-ups are vital to managing endometrial hyperplasia and preventing progression to cancer.