Ovarian Cysts (Functional, Dermoid, Endometriotic)

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on or within the ovaries and are commonly classified into three types: functional, dermoid, and endometriotic cysts. Functional cysts are the most frequent and form during the menstrual cycle. These include follicular cysts, arising when the follicle doesn’t release an egg, and corpus luteum cysts, which develop when the corpus luteum fills with fluid instead of breaking down. Functional cysts are generally harmless and often resolve within 60 days without treatment.

Dermoid cysts, also known as mature cystic teratomas, originate from reproductive cells and may contain diverse tissues such as hair, teeth, and skin. They typically occur in younger women and, although usually benign, can grow large and may cause ovarian torsion, a painful twisting of the ovary.

Endometriotic cysts, or endometriomas, develop when endometrial tissue (the uterine lining) grows on the ovaries, often linked with endometriosis. These cysts, sometimes called "chocolate cysts" due to their dark, blood-filled appearance, are associated with pain, painful menstruation, and fertility issues.

Each type of cyst has different implications and management, with functional cysts often benign and self-resolving, dermoid cysts possibly requiring surgical removal if large, and endometriomas requiring medical or surgical treatment due to their potential to impact fertility.