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Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common urological condition characterised by a sudden, uncontrollable urge to urinate, often leading to frequent urination and possibly leakage. It occurs when the bladder muscles contract involuntarily, even when the bladder is not full. OAB can affect both men and women, though it becomes more common with age.

Several factors contribute to this condition, including nerve damage, bladder outlet obstruction, urinary tract infections, diabetes, obesity, and certain medications. Emotional stress and excessive caffeine or alcohol intake can worsen symptoms.

Patients often experience urgency, nocturia (frequent urination at night), and urge incontinence, significantly impacting daily life and sleep quality. Diagnosis involves medical history analysis, physical examination, urine tests, and sometimes bladder function tests.

Treatment focuses on symptom control and improving quality of life. Options include lifestyle modifications, bladder training exercises, pelvic floor therapy, and medications that relax bladder muscles. In severe cases, nerve stimulation or minimally invasive procedures may be recommended. Early consultation with a urologist helps prevent complications and ensures proper management.