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Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a condition where one or more of the pelvic organs—uterus, vagina, bladder, or rectum—descend from their normal positions due to weakening of the pelvic floor muscles, ligaments, and tissues that support them. This weakening can be caused by childbirth, aging, menopause, obesity, chronic constipation, or pelvic surgery. When these support structures fail, the organs sag or bulge into or outside the vaginal canal, leading to discomfort and functional problems.

The types of prolapse include uterine prolapse (where the uterus sags into the vagina), vaginal prolapse (vaginal walls collapse inward), bladder prolapse or cystocele (bladder bulges into the vagina), and rectal prolapse or rectocele (the rectum protrudes into the vaginal wall). Symptoms typically include a sensation of pelvic pressure or fullness, visible or palpable bulge in or outside the vagina, urinary or fecal incontinence, difficulty with bowel movements, and pain during intercourse. Severe cases can affect quality of life by causing discomfort and functional limitations.

Treatment depends on severity and may involve pelvic floor exercises, pessary devices, or surgery to repair and restore pelvic support. Early diagnosis and management are important to prevent complications.