Adenomyosis

Adenomyosis is a benign gynecological condition where the endometrial tissue, which normally lines the inside of the uterus, grows into the muscular wall of the uterus (myometrium). This abnormal tissue growth causes the uterus to become enlarged and thickened, often doubling or tripling its normal size. During the menstrual cycle, this misplaced endometrial tissue behaves like normal uterine lining—it thickens, breaks down, and bleeds—resulting in heavy, painful periods and chronic pelvic pain.

Symptoms commonly seen in adenomyosis include heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia), prolonged periods, severe menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea), pelvic pressure or bloating, pain during intercourse, and sometimes infertility. Not all individuals with adenomyosis experience symptoms; about one-third may be asymptomatic. The exact cause is unknown, but theories suggest invasion of the uterine muscle by endometrial cells, inflammation after childbirth, or defects during fetal development.

Diagnosis is typically made by imaging techniques like ultrasound or MRI. Treatment depends on symptom severity and fertility desires, ranging from hormonal therapies and pain management to hysterectomy—the definitive cure for those not desiring future pregnancies. Adenomyosis significantly impacts quality of life due to pain and heavy bleeding, often leading to anemia and other complications.