Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological condition where tissue resembling the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows outside the uterine cavity, commonly affecting the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and pelvic tissues. This tissue continues to respond to hormonal changes of the menstrual cycle, thickening, breaking down, and bleeding as the uterine lining would; however, unlike normal menstrual blood, this misplaced tissue has no exit, leading to inflammation, pain, and formation of scar tissues or adhesions.

The primary symptom is pelvic pain, often worsening before and during menstruation, which may be severe and disabling, accompanied by painful periods (dysmenorrhea). Other symptoms include pain during intercourse, bowel movements, or urination, heavy or irregular bleeding, and infertility. Some individuals may remain asymptomatic, with diagnosis occurring during infertility investigations.

The exact cause is unknown, but factors include retrograde menstruation, genetic predisposition, hormonal imbalances, and immune system dysfunction. Diagnosis combines clinical history, imaging, and sometimes laparoscopy. Treatment includes pain management, hormonal therapies, and surgery to remove lesions. The disease can significantly impact quality of life and fertility.