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Hyperprolactinemia is a medical condition characterized by elevated levels of the hormone prolactin in the blood, which is primarily produced by the pituitary gland. The most common cause of hyperprolactinemia is a benign tumor of the pituitary gland called a prolactinoma, which leads to excess prolactin production. Other causes include certain medications, hypothyroidism, chronic kidney disease, stress, pregnancy, nipple stimulation, and other systemic or brain conditions. Prolactin plays a key role in breast milk production and reproductive functions, so elevated prolactin levels can result in symptoms like irregular menstrual periods, infertility, milky nipple discharge (galactorrhea), and decreased libido. Some cases are asymptomatic or idiopathic, resolving without treatment.

Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure prolactin levels, often followed by imaging such as MRI to detect pituitary tumors if needed. Treatment varies depending on cause but may include medication to reduce prolactin levels, surgery, or addressing underlying conditions. Hyperprolactinemia affects both women and men but is more common in women, especially those with reproductive disorders.