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Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a genetic blood condition characterised by defective haemoglobin, referred to as haemoglobin S. This mutation makes red blood cells hard, sticky, and crescent- or "sickle"-shaped. Sickled cells live shorter lives than typical round red cells and can restrict blood flow in blood arteries, which can cause discomfort, anaemia, and damage to organs.

A child gets the disease when they get two sickle cell genes, one from each parent. Children often show signs of the disease in early childhood. These signs can include tiredness, recurrent infections, swelling in the hands and feet, slow growth, and problems with vision. Pain crises are a common symptom of the condition and often necessitate hospitalisation.

Blood tests, such as newborn screening, are used to get a diagnosis. While there is no universal cure, treatments such as hydroxyurea, blood transfusions, and bone marrow transplants can effectively manage symptoms and complications. Supportive treatment, such as hydration, vaccination, and infection control, is crucial.

People with SCD can live longer and healthier lives if they receive medical care on time and make changes to their lifestyles. Awareness and genetic counselling are important for identifying and stopping the condition early, especially in areas where it is more frequent.