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Polycythemia Vera (PV) is a rare type of blood cancer classified under myeloproliferative neoplasms. It occurs when the bone marrow produces too many red blood cells, causing the blood to thicken and flow more slowly. This abnormal production can also increase white blood cells and platelets, leading to a higher risk of blood clots, stroke, or heart attack.

Common symptoms of PV include persistent headaches, dizziness, blurred vision, fatigue, itching (especially after a warm bath), and a ruddy complexion. Some individuals may also experience an enlarged spleen, which can cause discomfort in the upper left abdomen.

The exact cause of PV is often linked to genetic mutations, particularly in the JAK2 gene. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests, bone marrow examination, and genetic testing. While there is no permanent cure, treatments such as phlebotomy, low-dose aspirin, and targeted medications like JAK inhibitors help manage symptoms and reduce complications.

Early detection and long-term monitoring are crucial for improving quality of life. With proper treatment and regular medical care, many patients with PV can live a near-normal lifespan.