Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN)

Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN) are a group of chronic blood cancers originating in the bone marrow, where blood cell production becomes abnormal and uncontrolled. Unlike normal marrow function, which maintains balanced levels of red cells, white cells, and platelets, MPNs cause an overproduction of one or more cell types. This imbalance can thicken the blood, impair circulation, and increase the risk of clots, strokes, or bleeding complications.

The major types of MPN include Polycythemia Vera (PV), which causes excess red blood cells; Essential Thrombocythemia (ET), marked by too many platelets; and Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF), where scarring of the bone marrow impairs healthy blood production. These conditions often develop slowly, with symptoms such as fatigue, headaches, night sweats, itching, and enlarged spleen. However, in some cases, they may progress to acute myeloid leukemia, a more aggressive cancer.

Diagnosis typically involves blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and genetic testing to identify mutations like JAK2, CALR, or MPL. While there is no definitive cure for most MPNs, treatments aim to manage symptoms, reduce risks, and slow disease progression. Options may include medications, targeted therapies, phlebotomy, or stem cell transplantation in select cases.