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Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a type of blood cancer that happens when the bone marrow can't make healthy blood cells. In MDS, the blood stem cells in the marrow don't mature properly or at all, which means there aren't enough red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets that work. This situation causes symptoms like weariness, anaemia, more infections, and bleeding problems. The disease mostly affects elderly people, with an average onset age of 70.

People consider MDS to be a clonal condition because it causes mutant blood stem cells to grow too quickly, which can lead to an overabundance of immature "blast" cells. Some patients may develop acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), a more aggressive form of malignancy. Blood tests and a look at the bone marrow are both needed to make a diagnosis.

The treatment depends on how bad the condition is. It may include supportive care, including blood transfusions, drugs to boost blood cell production, chemotherapy, or stem cell transplantation for eligible people. The prognosis is contingent upon variables such as the percentage of blast cells and the presence of genetic anomalies in bone marrow cells. MDS is a complicated disease that can have many different effects and results.