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Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) is a group of blood cancers originating in the lymphatic system, primarily affecting lymphocytes, which are white blood cells critical to the immune response. NHL encompasses various subtypes, broadly classified into B-cell lymphomas and T-cell lymphomas, with further categorization as either indolent (slow-growing) or aggressive (fast-growing). It typically begins in lymph nodes but can spread to other lymphatic tissues, including the spleen, bone marrow, skin, and gastrointestinal tract.

Symptoms often include painless swelling of lymph nodes, unexplained weight loss, fever, night sweats, and fatigue. Diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Treatment varies depending on the subtype and stage of the disease and may involve chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or stem cell transplantation. Recent advances include CAR-T cell therapy, which harnesses the immune system to target cancer cells, particularly in chemotherapy-resistant cases. Prognosis depends on disease aggressiveness, subtype, patient factors, and response to treatment. NHL is more common in adults but can also affect children, and risk factors include age, immunosuppression, infections, and genetic predisposition.