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Bladder exstrophy is a rare congenital condition where the bladder forms outside the body due to incomplete development of the lower abdominal wall during fetal growth. This results in the bladder being exposed and turned inside out, unable to store urine. The disorder often affects not just the bladder but also the pelvic bones, urinary tract, external genitalia, and in some cases, portions of the digestive and reproductive systems.

Symptoms include a visible red, moist mass on the lower abdomen at birth, continuous urine leakage, and in males, a short, flattened penis or undescended testes. In females, a split clitoris and displaced vaginal opening may be seen. The exact cause remains unknown, but genetic factors and abnormal embryological development are suspected. Treatment involves complex surgical repair soon after birth to restore bladder function, achieve urinary continence, and improve genital appearance and function. With timely intervention, most children can achieve reasonable urinary control, but some may require further surgeries or support for optimal outcomes.