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Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a condition where urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters, and sometimes even up to the kidneys. Normally, the one-way valve mechanism at the junction of the bladder and ureter prevents this backflow. However, in VUR, this mechanism fails, increasing the risk of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) and kidney damage. VUR can be primary, caused by a congenital defect, or secondary, resulting from high bladder pressure or obstruction.

Children are most commonly affected, with symptoms such as frequent UTIs, fever, painful urination, or bedwetting. In some cases, VUR is discovered incidentally during imaging for urinary problems. Diagnosis typically involves tests like a voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) or renal ultrasound.

Treatment depends on severity. Mild cases often resolve naturally with age, requiring only monitoring and preventive antibiotics. Severe VUR may need surgical correction, such as ureteral reimplantation or endoscopic injection. Early detection and management are crucial to prevent long-term kidney damage, hypertension, or chronic kidney disease. With proper care, most children lead healthy lives without significant complications.