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Congenital hydronephrosis is a disorder where the kidney's collecting system, specifically the renal pelvis and calyces, swells or expands because urine builds up in one or both kidneys. This can be seen at birth or before birth during prenatal ultrasound examinations. This deposit usually happens because of a blockage or structural problem that stops urine from flowing normally, like ureteropelvic junction obstruction or vesicoureteral reflux. Some cases may also stem from alternative aetiologies such as posterior urethral valves or neurogenic bladder, with the severity and prognosis contingent upon the extent and length of the obstruction, in addition to the existence of concomitant urinary tract issues.

Infants with congenital hydronephrosis are frequently asymptomatic at birth but may subsequently exhibit symptoms such as abdominal distension, urinary tract infections, or feeding challenges in more severe instances. Management often entails consistent imaging surveillance to monitor renal growth and functionality; mild instances frequently resolve autonomously, whereas severe or deteriorating hydronephrosis—particularly with compromised renal function—may necessitate surgical intervention. To keep your kidneys healthy and avoid long-term damage, it's important to find problems early and treat them correctly.