Undescended Testis (Cryptorchidism)

Undescended testis (cryptorchidism) is a common congenital condition where one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum before birth. It affects about 3% of full-term and up to 30% of premature male infants. Early diagnosis is crucial: while many undescended testes descend spontaneously within the first three months after birth, persistent cases require surgical correction (orchiopexy) between 6 to 18 months to reduce the risk of infertility, testicular cancer, and other complications.

Risk factors include low birth weight, prematurity, hormonal imbalances, and genetic predisposition. Most cases are unilateral, with the right side more commonly affected. Untreated, undescended testes may lead to reduced fertility, testicular torsion, inguinal hernias, and psychological distress. Diagnosis involves clinical examination and, if needed, imaging to identify non-palpable testes. Proper management and timely intervention ensure optimal reproductive and psychological outcomes for affected individuals.