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Orchitis is the inflammation or swelling of one or both testicles, usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection. Bacterial infections, including sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, can also result in orchitis, especially when accompanied by epididymitis, an infection of the epididymis. Symptoms typically include testicular pain, tenderness, swelling, fever, and sometimes nausea or malaise.

The affected testicle may feel heavy or painful during urination, ejaculation, or intercourse. Diagnosis is generally based on physical examination and sometimes imaging or laboratory tests to rule out other conditions like testicular torsion. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying infection using antibiotics for bacterial cases and supportive care such as rest, scrotal elevation, cold packs, and anti-inflammatory medications. Most individuals recover within a few weeks; however, severe or untreated orchitis can lead to complications including testicular atrophy or infertility. Early medical intervention is important for effective recovery and minimizing long-term effects.