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Bladder stones are hard masses of minerals that form inside the bladder, often due to incomplete emptying of urine. When urine remains in the bladder for too long, it becomes concentrated, allowing crystals to develop and form stones. These stones vary in size and may cause discomfort or complications if not treated promptly.

Common symptoms include frequent urination, painful urination, blood in the urine, lower abdominal pain, or difficulty passing urine. Risk factors include enlarged prostate, bladder infections, nerve damage affecting bladder control, and the presence of foreign medical devices like catheters.

Diagnosis is usually done through ultrasound, X-rays, or cystoscopy. Small stones may pass naturally with increased water intake, but larger stones often require medical intervention such as cystolitholapaxy (breaking stones using laser or ultrasound) or surgical removal. Preventive measures include staying hydrated, treating underlying urinary conditions, and maintaining regular medical checkups.

Early detection and timely management of bladder stones are crucial to prevent infections, kidney damage, and long-term urinary complications.