Pheochromocytoma

Pheochromocytoma tumors secrete excessive amounts of catecholamines—primarily adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine)—which regulate the body's "fight or flight" response. Symptoms often result from the overproduction of these hormones and include episodic high blood pressure, severe headaches, sweating, rapid heartbeat, anxiety, and pallor. These symptoms typically occur in sudden spells that can last from minutes to hours and may be triggered by physical exertion, stress, changes in body position, certain foods, or medications.

Diagnosis relies on biochemical tests measuring catecholamine levels in blood and urine, supported by imaging techniques such as CT or MRI scans to locate the tumor. Treatment primarily involves surgical removal of the tumor, which can be curative for most patients. Preoperative management includes controlling blood pressure and heart rate to prevent complications during surgery. In cases of malignancy or metastatic spread, multidisciplinary treatment involving surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy may be necessary. Early detection and proper management are crucial to prevent life-threatening complications like hypertensive crises and cardiac arrhythmias.